My dear brother Dominic,
I apologize for the
belated nature of this kept promise. I promised you long ago that I
would explain to you how the atomic bombings that have continued
controversial after over 65 years, in a way that the bombings of
Hamburg, Dresden and even Tokyo have not. The case can be made -- in
fact my late father and I discussed the idea thoroughly years ago. I
propose to tell you what we concluded then, as I have read or heard
no arguments that have caused me to question the conclusions we
reached in our discussions.
What awakened my
slumbering interest in the subject was reading a remarkable book I
received as a present from my sister Rosemary. The book is A Song
for Nagasaki, by a Marist Priest named Paul Glynn. The book
tells the story of a remarkable man named Takashi Nagai, a pioneer in
radiology and a convert to Catholicism. Reading this book reminded
me again how terrible and tragic war is, and of course a world war is
the worst of all. Reading its description of the horrible wounds,
deaths both instant and agonizing, and the horrible devastation
caused by the atomic bombing of Nagasaki, one is tempted to conclude
that such a weapon and its use in such a way must surely be
indefensible.
Actually, its use can be
defended, although not briefly. I'll try my best to avoid writing you
a book.
It is well known that war,
like other disasters, brings out the best in some and the worst in
others. In a man like Nagai we see the best produced. In a man like
Joachim Pieper (the Waffen SS commander who ordered the Malmedy
Massacre), we see some of the worst that sane human beings are
capable of.
In a man like American
President Harry S Truman, we see a man suddenly thrust into a
situation where a brutal war nearly six years old had to be ended as
quickly and bloodlessly as possible despite the fact that the losing
side refused to recognize that their defeat was inevitable.
The war in Europe had
already ended with the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945,
although the most enormous clean-up project in the history of the
world was just beginning. Worldwide the cataclysm had already
claimed over 50 million lives. With the fall of the Nazis,
Imperial Japan was left essentially alone in a war against the United
States, the British, the Free French, and literally dozens of smaller
nations. The Japanese Navy and Japanese Naval aviation had almost
literally ceased to exist. The Japanese Merchant Marine was at the
bottom of the waters around the country. The remaining Japanese
forces were badly over-extended, trying to hold on to too much
conquered territory with too few troops. Many of the garrisons were
starving, as the Japanese Navy could not supply them in their
far-flung island garrisons. Any sane person would have seen in an
instant that it was time to make peace before total annihilation
engulfed the Japanese nation.
Tragically, sane leaders
were not leading Imperial Japan in mid-1945.
The Allies had every
reason to conclude that the Japanese leaders were not rational. The
fanatical resistance to the liberation of the Philippines would last
from October of 1944 until September 2, 1945, the same day that the
Japanese formally surrendered to the Allied Powers on the deck of the
USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. This bitter, savage, hopeless struggle
would cost the Japanese roughly 300,000 casualties -- and the
Americans 60,628. (Casualty figures taken from
http://www.ualberta.ca).
The infamous battle of Iwo
Jima (February 19, 1945 to March 14) would prove another example of
irrationally fanatical defense. For eight square miles of desolate
volcanic rock, the Japanese spent 21,000 soldiers, with only 1,000
surrendering. This proportion of killed to surrendered is another
indication of the berserker nature of Japanese fighting in the
Pacific Theater of the war. The battle cost the Americans 7,000
lives (25,000 total casualties). This is about 875 dead soldiers,
sailors, and marines per square mile. If the American military and
civilian population (government and civilians) were getting rather
bitter at this point it is scarcely surprising. (Casualty figures
from the World War II database at http://ww2db.com.)
The Battle of Okinawa (1
Apr 1945 - 21 Jun 1945) would prove far bloodier even than the battle
for "the Rock" had been, with over 12,513 acknowledged
American lives lost (many of the 60,000 wounded would not survive
their wounds). The Japanese lost a horrifying 107,000 men, and that
estimate is surely low, as dead soldiers sealed in caves cannot
easily be counted. (Casualty figures from the World War Two Database
and wiki.answers.com.) Making the battle even more nightmarish was
that 42,000 Japanese residents of Okinawa were also killed, many by
suicide before American soldiers could reach them. It should be
remembered that many of these casualties occurred despite the fact
that the Japanese had lost their only remaining powerful ally halfway
through the battle.
Clearly, Japan's cause was
hopeless. Just as clearly, Japan could not or would not recognize
this.
All of this meant a grim
dilemma for the new American President, Harry Truman.
Having become President
upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt on April 12, 1945, Truman had
had very little preparation for the role he so suddenly had been
thrust into -- that of the man who must make a decision that might
save thousands if not millions of lives in a war already the
costliest in history. The fighting in Europe was nearly over, with
the Nazis and their few remaining allies reeling toward final defeat.
What fanatical existence that had remained died with Adolf Hitler,
who shot himself on April 30th. The Pacific Theater was far
different.
The Japanese still held
large conquered territories in Asia and on many Pacific islands, and
though it is often forgotten today, the Knights of Bushido had been
brutal, scarlet-handed occupiers. Early in the war, in the Chinese
city of Nanking, the Japanese Army "celebrated" their
storming of the city by engaging in a six-week rape-and-murder
festival, killing between 50,000 and 300,000 Chinese civilians in an
orgy so atrocious that the appalled Nazis offered to mediate a truce.
“The Rape of Nanking”
was just the worst in a series of appalling war crimes committed by
the Japanese throughout the war. The Bataan Death March is well
known. The history of Japanese war crimes makes for stomach-turning
reading. Torture, rape, murders mass and individual, fiendish
medical experiments ... the Nazis had nothing on their Eastern allies
when it came to hot-and-cold blooded brutality.
Japanese brutality
complicated the task of liberating occupied peoples. During the
liberation of the Philippines, Japanese troops had ruthlessly and
seemingly senselessly massacred thousands of civilians, many
apparently just because they came within Japanese sight. President
Truman and his war leaders had to consider when calculating the cost
of forcing the Japanese out of their conquered territories not only
the blood and treasure (wars are expensive in treasure as well as in
blood) that the military forces of the Allies would lose, but also
the likelihood that the Japanese would murder countless civilians
during their hopeless but brutal and bloody struggle to hold the
lands and resources they had taken.
Another factor that the
President had to consider was war-weariness in all of the Allied
countries. This war had already dragged on almost or over 6 years
(depending on when you start counting.) Over 50 million were dead
(the two main Allied combatant nations in the Pacific Theater, Great
Britain and the United States, had lost over 850,000 lives, military
and civilian), incredible losses in actual property and potential
wealth had caused starvation and poverty in nation after nation, and
an invasion of Japan itself might be more than anyone could ever
recover from. Although it did not seem to bother them, the Japanese
would risk being permanent pariahs, never to be treated as civilized
human beings ever again. The military minds had calculated that an
invasion, although sure to be ultimately successful by the mad
calculus of war, could cost between 500,000 and 1,000,000 total
Allied casualties, with perhaps 200,000 dead. The Japanese would
lose millions of soldiers and civilians.
The scars already
inflicted by this most dreadful of all wars would already certainly
take decades to heal. A bloodbath of the scale projected would
perhaps rip open wounds that could never heal.
In his post-war writings,
Admiral Dan Gallery suggested that the Allies could have simply
surrounded and blockaded the Japanese home islands with submarines
and surface ships, and waited for the Japanese, who could not long
survive cut off from foreign trade, particularly in foodstuffs, to
give in. When I was young, I thought Gallery was right. Today, I
recoil in horror from the prospect.
The problem, once again,
is that irrational leaders were at this most critical time leading
Japan. No one who has ever done even casual research into the
wartime leadership of Imperial Japan can honestly doubt that the
leaders of the state would have fought until the last Japanese
peasant starved gruesomely. Crazy leaders are the worst kind, and
crazy leaders with absolute power are every people's nightmare.
Living in Japan in the summer of 1945 was a never-ending nightmare.
A blockade of food and fuel, while safer in the main for the Allied
militaries, would have killed as many as the forced famine in the
Ukraine had in the early 1930s (including millions of women and
children), and would have been nearly as unjustifiable.
President Truman, a
military veteran himself (he had been a first-rate artillery captain
in World War I), understood many things about serving in a war that
many people never think about. One of them is that just being in the
service kills some soldiers. Accidents happen, and diseases happen,
too, especially in the unhealthy tropical climates of the Pacific
islands and in Southeast Asia, India, and Burma. He also understood
what it did to a soldier to be away from his home, his family, and
his civilian life. (I say soldier for simplicity's sake, but
separation is just as hard on nurses and other non-combat personnel.)
Truman was determined to get the people who were saving our
country and the world back to their homes as quickly as possible.
Another fact that such men
as Truman and his predecessor Ulysses S. Grant had understood is that
keeping large forces in the field is fearfully expensive. It is an
amusing fact that one reason Ulysses Grant did not stay at Appomattox
Court House for the formal surrender of General Robert E. Lee's Army
of Northern Virginia was that Grant was commander-in-chief of the
United States Army, the war was costing an immense amount of money
every day, and it was time to get back to his office and start
cutting expenses.
Another factor that Truman
could not help but consider was that the Japanese still held large
numbers of prisoners of war. A prolonged, civilization-destroying
battle in Japan itself might cause the Japanese to massacre the
prisoners rather than allow them to be liberated by their fellows.
In fact, it had been ordered by the Japanese high command that all
prisoners were to be killed as soon as the first Allied soldier set
his boot on Japanese soil. Truman did not know this, but at this
late hour of the war it was not difficult to predict.
The Japanese government
(meaning mainly the military leadership, still largely in command)
was preparing a horrifying defensive plan. It would involve
thousands more of the dreaded Kamikaze, the suicide planes that had
taken so many lives already. It would involve suicide weapons,
including manned torpedoes and frogmen who would carry explosives to
Allied landing craft, detonating them manually. Appallingly, it
would even involve women and children attacking Allied soldiers with
bamboo spears and knives. All of these would be combined with the
tactics that the Japanese had been using throughout much of the war
-- the apparently surrendering soldier followed by another with a
grenade, which he would detonate when the Allied soldiers approached
to accept the "surrender", the midnight throat slitting
attacks by Japanese soldiers who had hidden in underground tunnels by
day, and other "dirty" tactics. (One of the reasons so few
Japanese were taken prisoner was that after a few such tricks, the
Allies reasonably concluded that taking prisoners was too risky.)
So, driving the Japanese
from every possession would take months if not years, and would be
expensive in blood and treasure as well. A blockade of the Japanese
islands would leave large populations in occupied countries in
continuing danger from their occupiers, and would also cause perhaps
the most gruesome man-caused famine in world history, while serving
their countries in unhealthy climes would continue to cause death and
suffering to soldiers who had already seen too much of it. Invading
the mainland would initiate an unprecedented carnival of blood and
death from which mankind and civilization might never recover, and
would also cost the lives of every prisoner of war who had managed to
survive captivity by the brutal Japanese prisoner-abuse system, which
featured starvation, torture, forced labor, and executions, often by
decapitation. It seemed that Truman might have no way of ending the
war that did not involve oceans of blood and dehumanizing brutality.
As history records,
however, Truman had one ace up his sleeve.
An immense wartime effort
had turned the theoretical possibility of an atomic weapon into a
physical reality. The American effort had been triggered by a letter
from the great physicist Albert Einstein (a refugee from Nazi
oppression of Jews -- showing just how expensive bigotry can be) to
American President Franklin Roosevelt, telling him of the possibility
of a bomb and warning him that the Nazis would almost certainly try
for the bomb whether the Americans did or not. Roosevelt heeded the
warning, and the Manhattan Project was born. After years of effort,
the first nuclear weapon was tested on July 16,1945, ironically too
late to use against its original intended target, Germany, who had
already surrendered over two months before the test. Perhaps the
shock of this new and amazingly powerful weapon could persuade the
Japanese to surrender when "mere" conventional weapons had
failed.
We must remember that the
firebombing of Tokyo on March 10, 1945 is believed to have killed at
least 100,000 people, and the Japanese stubbornly continued their
hopeless struggle. At this point, the Allied leaders must have
concluded that only the threat of complete annihilation (or perhaps,
horribly, actual total annihilation) could end Japanese resistance.
Once the atomic bomb had
been added to the American arsenal, it opened up options that might
render the other shocking options unnecessary. It was proposed that
an atomic bomb be dropped, with prior warning given, on an
unpopulated area, so that the Japanese might see what awaited them if
they fought on. This idea was rejected both because the Americans in
fact only had two bombs available, and thus would lose half of their
supply on a demonstration, and also because in those days before the
Internet, the Japanese might have been able to deceive their
population as to what that terrifying flash and roar had actually
been.
The Allies did warn the
Japanese government that unless they surrendered, a new and
devastatingly destructive weapon would be used against them. The
Japanese refused the ultimatum. Alone, defiant, they prepared to
face the unknown peril.
And the bombs dropped.
The atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9 of 1945 killed over
100,000 people immediately and many thousands more later. (It should
be remembered that at that time the dangers of radiation sickness
were little understood, and the dangers of nuclear fallout not even
anticipated. It is sadly ironic that Dr. Nagai would die not of the
atomic bombing, but from the radiation he absorbed in his work in
radiology research, which caused the leukemia which would kill him.)
Even then it took the tradition-defying personal intervention of
Emperor Hirohito to accomplish a Japanese surrender. (Number cited
above from AtomCentral.com, the Atomic Bomb Website.)
The fact that the bombings
were successful in their goal of forcing the Japanese to give up is
indisputable. I believe that they also were correct morally.
The first fact to remember
is that a person killed by a block-buster bomb in Hamburg or an
incendiary in Tokyo was just as dead as a person killed by a nuclear
blast in Hiroshima or Nagasaki. The atomic bomb is not inherently
more evil than any other type of bomb, or indeed any other type of
weapon. If radiation is the difference between the evil atomic bomb
and the less-evil high-explosive bomb, then should we try to replace
the use of radiation for medical purposes with some sort of treatment
with high explosives? You may have some research, development, and
testing troubles with that idea. Good luck getting test subjects,
too.
The second factor to
remember is that actions and their morality can only be judged by the
circumstances in place when the actions were taken. Shooting another
human being may be wrong in the abstract, but I would see the
shooting of another human being who is about to kill my mother in a
rather different light. In that circumstance, I would see the
shooting of that person as a moral imperative. Likewise, dropping a
bomb (of any sort) on a Japanese city during peacetime would be a
shocking crime against humanity. In August of 1945, given the mad
circumstances of the time, it was a better moral option than the
others available.
Both of the other options
available to President Harry Truman in the summer of 1945 would have
taken many months and cost millions of lives. The atomic bombings
cost 102,000 or thereabouts, ended the war, and sent all of those
soldiers home to their families and friends. As a melancholy bonus,
it also got the Japanese an earlier start on rebuilding their country
as a successful democratic state. History tells us that their
efforts succeeded.
The morality of all
actions taken must be measured against the morality of all other
reasonable options available. Given the situation he inherited and
the choices available, and in the cold light of rational analysis,
the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were the best and most
moral option that Harry Truman could choose.
I praise his courage and
logic in taking it.